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Translation glossary: Genetics Glossary

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A base; one of the molecular components of D NA and RNA. Bonds with thymine (A-T) in DNA, and with uracil (A-U) in RNA.

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Alternative forms of a genetic characteristic.

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Small molecules that form the building blocks of proteins.

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All chro mosomes except those involved in sex determination.

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Tiny one-celled organisms.

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Two of the building blocks of DNA held together by weak bonds. In a DNA molecule, adenine always bonds with thymine (A-T), and cytosine always bond s

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The order of bases in a DNA molecule.

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Base sequence analysis

A method, sometimes automated, for determining the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA.

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The molecular building blocks of DNA and RNA

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The use of biologic al processes to manufacture products.

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The basic units of life. All living organisms are a collection of cells. Chromosomes

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A group of genetically identical cells or o rganisms that are descended from one parent. Identical twins are clones, as are colonies of bacteria that

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The process of asexually producing a group of cells (clones), all genetically identical, from a single ancestor.

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Complementary sequence

A sequence of bases that can form a double-stranded structure by matching base pairs. The complementary sequence to G-T-A-C, for instance, is C-A-T-G

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Having a full set of genetic material consisting of paired chromosomes that contain one chromosome from each parent.

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

The long, spiralling m olecule that rchestrates the cell\'s daily operations and provides the genetic blueprint for the physical characteristics of a

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DNA fingerprinting

A process which uses fragments of DNA to identify the unique genetic makeup of an individual.

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DNA replication

The use of existing DNA as a template for the synthesis of new DNA strands.

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The relative order of base pairs in any sample of DNA. See base sequence analysis.

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Determining the order of bases in a segment of DNA.

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A gene which, when present on a chromosome, passes on a certain physical characteristic, thereby dominating over a recessive gene present on another

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Electrophoresis

A method of separating large molecules-such as DNA fragments or proteins-from a mixture of similar molecules.

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A protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding the rate at which a biochemi cal reaction proceeds but not altering the direction or nature of the reacti

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FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)

A mapping technique that uses fluorescent tags to identify specific locations of chromosomes.

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A dense net work of fine particles dispersed with water (Jell-O is a gel). Used to separate different-sized strands of DNA.

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The fundamental unit of heredity.

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Gene expression

The process by which genes express themselves

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Groups of closely related genes that make similar products.

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Determining the relative positions of genes on a DNA molecule.

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The biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene.

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a newly evolving technique used to treat inherited genetic diseases. The medical procedure involves substituting the defective gene in the cells of a

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Genetic engineering

The technology used to genetically manipulate living cells to produce new chemicals or perform new functions.

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Genetic testing (o r genetic screening)

A technique used to determine whether a person or organism has a certain gene.

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The study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits.

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All the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism. The human genome consists of three billion bases, organized in about 100,000 ge

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The entire genetic identity of an individual, including alleles, or gene forms, that do not show as outward c haracteristics.

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A base; one of the molecular components of DNA and RNA. Always bonds with cytosine (G-C).

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A single set of chromosomes (half the full set of genetic material), present in the egg and sperm cells o f animals and in the egg and pollen cells o

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Similarities in DNA or protein sequences between individuals of the same species or among different specie s.

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Human Genome Project (HGP)

a worldwide project aimed at deciphering all the three billion bases of the human genome, including mapping and sequencing every gene. This informati

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Outside a living organism.

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Inside a living organism.

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A photomicrograph of an individual\'s chromosomes arranged in a standard format showing the number, size, and shape of each chromo some type.

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See gene mapping, physical map.

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An identifiable physical location on a chromosome (e.g., restriction enzyme cutting site, gene) whose inheritance can be monitored.

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The production of se x cells, which are not genetically identical, through a series of cell divisions. Compare to mitosis.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A single-stranded molecule of ribonucleic acid that directs protein production.

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The production of c ells that are genetically identical to the original cell. Compare to meiosis.

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See messenger RNA.

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A spontaneous or induced change in the DNA of a cell.

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