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Translation glossary: Cartographic Terms

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Showing entries 151-189 of 189
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public land systemPublic lands are subdivided by a rectangular system of surveys established and regulated by the Bureau of Land Management. The standard format for sub 
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quad-centered photographMiddle exposure of a phototriplet (three consecutive aerial photographs) take so that the middle photograph is exposed directly above the center of th 
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quadrangleFour-sided area, bounded by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude used as an area unit in mapping (dimensions are not necessarily the same 
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radial-line plottingDetermination of the location of points by the successive intersection and resection of direction lines radiating from the radial centers of overlappi 
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rectification, differentialThe process of scanning and reprojecting a photograph onto a horizontal plane in differential elements to remove displacements caused by tilt and reli 
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rectification, simpleProjection of an aerial photograph (mathematically, graphically, or photographically) from its plane onto a horizontal plane by translation, rotation, 
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reliefElevations and depressions of the land or sea bottom. 
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relief shadingTechnique for making hypsography on a map appear three dimensional by the use of graded shadow effects. Generally, the features are shaded as though i 
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remote sensingProcess of detecting and (or) monitoring chemical or physical properties of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation. 
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representational fractionScale of a map or chart expressed as a fraction or ratio that relates unit distance on the map to distance measured in the same unit on the ground. 
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reproductionSummation of all processes involved in printing copies from an original drawing. A printed copy of an original drawing made by the processes of reprod 
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scaleRelationship existing between a distance on a map, chart, or photograph and the corresponding distance on the Earth. 
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sea level (water level)Height of the surface of the sea at any given time. 
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sectionUnit of subdivision of a township; normally a quadrangle 1 mile square with boundaries conforming to meridians and parallels within established limits 
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sensorTechnical means, usually electronic, to extend man\'s natural senses by detecting emitted or reflected energy. The energy may be nuclear, electromagne 
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shorelineIntersection of the land with the water surface. 
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spheroidMathematical figure closely approaching the geoid in form and size and used as a surface of reference for geodetic surveys. A reference spheroid or el 
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spot elevationPoint on a map or chart whose height above a specified datum is noted, usually by a dot or a small sawbuck and elevation value. Elevations are shown, 
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stadiaTechnique of distance measurement wherein the observer reads the intercept subtended on a graduated rod between two marks on the reticle of the telesc 
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standard-accuracy adjustmentSee: adjustment, standard-accuracy 
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state plane coordinate systemCoordinate systems established by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the National Ocean Survey), usually one for each state, for use in defining 
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stereocompilationProduction of a map or chart manuscript from aerial photographs and geodetic control data by means of photogrammetric instruments. 
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stereoplotterInstrument for plotting a map by observation of stereomodels formed by pairs of photographs. 
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stereoscopicPertaining to the use of binocular vision for observation of a pair of overlapping photographs or other perspective views, giving impression of depth. 
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storm evacuation mapSee: map, storm evacuation 
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subsidenceDecrease in the elevation of land surface due to tectonic, seismic, or artificial forces, without removal of surface material. 
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surveyOrderly process of determining data relating to any physical or chemical characteristics of the Earth. The associated data obtained in a survey. An or 
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tacheometer (tachymeter)Surveying instrument designed for use in the rapid determination of distance, direction, and difference of elevation from a single observation, using 
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theodolitePrecision surveying instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. 
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tidePeriodic rise and fall of the water resulting from gravitational interactions between the Sun, Moon, and Earth. The vertical component of the particul 
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topographyConfiguration (relief) of the land surface; the graphic delineation or portrayal of that configuration in map form, as by contour lines; in oceanograp 
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townshipUnit of survey of the public lands of the United States, normally a quadrangle approximately 6 miles on a side with boundaries conforming to meridians 
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transitPrecision surveying instrument; a theodolite in which the telescope can be reversed in direction by rotation about its horizontal axis. 
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traverseSequence of lengths and directions of lines connecting a series of stations, obtained from field measurements, and used in determining positions of th 
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triangulationMethod of extending horizontal position on the surface of the Earth by measuring the angles of triangles and the included sides of selected triangles. 
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trilaterationMethod of surveying wherein the lengths of the triangle sides are measured, usually by electronic methods, and the angles are computed from the measur 
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) gridMilitary grid system based on the transverse Mercator projection, applied to maps of the Earth\'s surface extending from the Equator to 84 Degrees nor 
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uplandHighland; ground elevation above the lowlands along rivers or between hills. 
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zenith telescopeInstrument for observing starts near the zenith (a point on the celestial sphere directly above the observer\'s position). 
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