不翻译时聊电影(Translations and Movies)

Significance

The Treaty of Nerchinsk was a result of compromises on both sides and therefore reflected the interests of both China and Russia. It constituted China’s first agreement with a European power. Concluded on an equal basis, it regulated the relations between the two countries until 1858, when the Aigun Treaty superceded it.

In Nerchinsk, the Qing succeeded not only in obtaining a buffer zone with Russia (the Amur region) but also acquired a powerful lever in further dealings with Russia by assuming control of caravan trade. The treaty considerably strengthened the geopolitical position of China in Central Asia, since it guaranteed Russia’s neutrality in China’s war with Dzungaria, and as a result, Galdan Khan was finally defeated in 1696. The treaty completed the formation of a Chinese system of “nominal vassalage,” in which some peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin recognized their vassal dependence upon the Qing and obtained the formal status of provincial nations.

The treaty opened the door to China for Russian trade caravans and brought to Russia immediate mercantile benefits. At the time it was signed, then, it was advantageous to the Russian government, but in the long term, the treaty critically hampered the development of Siberia and the Russian Far East for the next 160 years, as Russia lost easy access to the Pacific via the Amur. Russia’s efforts to regain access to the Amur without harming its trade relationship with China determined the duality and inactivity of Russian policy in the Far East up to the middle of the nineteenth century.

The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between the Tsardom of Russia (沙皇俄国) and the Qing dynasty of China after the defeat of Russia by Qing China at the Siege of Albazin in 1686. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal. This border along the Argun River and Stanovoy Range lasted until the Amur Annexation via the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860. It opened markets for Russian goods in China, and gave Russians access to Chinese supplies and luxuries.

在康熙至乾隆年间，该部的上层贵族受到沙俄的煽动和支持，曾数次挑起事端，发动叛乱。噶尔丹、策妄阿拉布坦等叛乱头目先后被清军平定，但割据势力还存在。当达瓦齐取得准噶尔统治权后，其内部矛盾愈演愈烈，准噶尔部族中盼望结束混乱动荡的局面、归附清朝、拥护统一的倾向迅速增强，在这个时候，乾隆十九年（公元1754年）清政府宣谕平叛。清军分北路和西路两路大军进剿达瓦齐。清朝宫廷画家钱维城于乾隆二十年（公元1755年）绘制《平定准噶尔图》，记录这次平叛的情景。图卷描绘了沿途各族人民牵羊端酒慰劳平叛大军的场面，还记录了准噶尔部众几千人向清军投降的情景。

To avenge the death of his brother and expand his influence over other Mongol areas, Galdan prepared for war with the Khalkha of eastern Mongolia. Galdan established a friendly relationship with the Tsardom of Russia, which was at war with Tushiyetu Khan over territories near Lake Baikal (贝加尔湖) in northern Khalkha. Bonded by a common interest in defeating the Khalkha, both Galdan and the Russians simultaneously attacked and conquered most of the territories of Khalkha. Armed with superior firearms provided by the Russians, Galdan attacked the land of the late Zasaghtu Khan, and advanced to the dominion of Tushiyetu Khan. The Russian Cossacks meanwhile attacked and defeated the Khalkha's contingent of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. In 1688, after two bloody battles with the Dzungar in present-day central Mongolia, Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Tushiyetu Khan and his son Galdandorji fled to the Ongi River.

In Russia, the tsar was the supreme male monarch, or king. The last Russian tsar was overthrown in 1917 — but you can still use this word for the head of a big government program.